Footprint per kWh

Academic studies on the carbon footprint of electric vehicle batteries are numerous, but their results vary widely.

Values range from 60 kgCO2e/kWh to 150 kgCO2e/kWh. A meta-study by IFPEN(Institut Français du Pétrole et des Énergies Nouvelles) calculates a median value of 83 kgCO2e/kWh, noting that the results differ depending on the battery chemistry, production countries, and the country of the study's authors, and that even when these factors are taken into account, the results remain highly variable.

Given the uncertainty and variations observed in the studies, we have adopted a conservative value of 100 kgCO2e/kWh for the carbon footprint of batteries.